Strategies for Alleviating Poverty in Rural Asia: PART THREE: COUNTRY CASE STUDIES: Rural Poverty and Anti-Poverty Policies in Pakistan, by M. Shaukat Ali: 1. Some Basic Facts about Rural Pakistan

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	Strategies for Alleviating Poverty in Rural Asia (BIDS, ILO; 1985; 346 pages)
		Preface
		Acknowledgements
		PART ONE: AN OVERVIEW
			Strategies for Alleviating Poverty in Rural Asia, by Rizwanul Islam and Eddy Lee
				1. The Background: A Summary of Trends in Rural Poverty in Selected Asian Countries
				2. Alternative Strategies for Poverty Alleviation
				3. The State and Poverty Alleviation
				4. An Overview of Selected Anti-Poverty Policies in Rural Asia
					Land policies
					Policies for strengthening the asset-base and increasing the productivity of the poor
					Employment creation schemes
					Other target group oriented programmes
		PART TWO: AN ANALYSIS
			Rural Poverty in Asia: Analysis and Policy Alternatives, by Keith Griffin
				Underdevelopment in an Historical Context
				Domestic Class Structures and the State
				The State and Domestic Policy
				Policy Approaches
					The balance of political power
					The distribution of productive assets
					The distribution of the flow of income
					The pattern of investment
		PART THREE: COUNTRY CASE STUDIES
			An Evaluation of Selected Policies and Programmes for the Alleviation of Rural Poverty in Bangladesh, by Qazi Kholiquzzaman Ahmad and Mahabub Hossain
				1. Basic Features of the Bangladesh Economy
				2. Absolute Rural Poverty in Bangladesh - Incidence and Causes²
					2.1 Incidence
					2.2 Causes
				3. Anti-Poverty Policies
					3.1 An overview
					3.2 The food for work programme
					3.3 The Grameen bank¹
				4. Concluding Remarks
			An Evaluation of Policies and Programmes for the Alleviation of Rural Poverty in India, by D. Bandyopadhyay
				1. An Overview of the Situation Regarding Poverty and Income Distribution
				2. General Approach towards Poverty Alleviation in the Sixth Five Year Plan.
				3. Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP): A Programme for Income Generation through Asset Endowment and Skill Formation
				4. Works Programme for the Creation of Supplementary Employment Opportunities: National Rural Employment Programme (NREP)
				5. Local Level Administrative Arrangements for the Implementation of Anti-Poverty Programmes.
				6. Role of Organisations of Rural Poor in Promoting Anti-Poverty Programme
			Anti-Poverty Policies in Rural Nepal, by Mahesh Banskota
				1. Introduction
				2. Dimensions of Rural Poverty
					2.1 Food availability and consumption
					2.2 Income levels
					2.3 Employment levels
					2.4 Inequality
					2.5 Consumer durables
				3. Anti-Poverty Targets and Policies: An Overview
				4. The Small Farmer Development Programme
					4.1 Borrowing and repayment
					4.2 Assets and income
					4.3 Access to food
					4.4 Problems and policy implications
			Rural Poverty and Anti-Poverty Policies in Pakistan, by M. Shaukat Ali
				1. Some Basic Facts about Rural Pakistan
				2. Rural Poverty
				3. Anti-Poverty Policies
					3.1 Land reforms
					3.2 Rural development programmes
				4. Zakat and Ushr
				5. Conclusions
			Rural Poverty and Operation Land Transfer in the Philippines, by Mahar Mangahas
				1. Economic Policy and the Rural Setting
				2. Techniques of Poverty Monitoring
					2.1 Poverty as undernutrition
					2.2 Poverty as inadequate purchasing power: DAP and World Bank approaches
					2.3 People’s perception of poverty
				3. Operation Land Transfer and Poverty Alleviation
					3.1 Coverage of operation land transfer
					3.2 Intentions of presidential decree no. 27
					3.3 Land reform and agricultural productivity
					3.4 Operation land transfer and farm income
					3.5 Monitoring the benefits from OLT: headcount
					3.6 Monitoring the benefits from OLT: valuation
					3.7 On the new rural stratification
				4. Concluding Remarks
			An Evaluation of Policies and Programmes for the Alleviation of Poverty in Sri Lanka, by Piyasiri Wickramasekara
				1. Profile of poverty in Sri Lanka
					1.1 Trends in absolute poverty
					1.2 Relative poverty
				2. Overview of Anti-poverty Policies
					2.1 Land policies
					2.2 District integrated rural development programme
					2.3 Target group oriented programmes
					2.4 General minimum needs programmes
				3. Evaluation of Selected Anti-poverty Programmes
					3.1 The food subsidy and the rice ration scheme
					3.2 The food stamp scheme
				4. Concluding Observations
		PART FOUR: PROCEEDINGS OF A REGIONAL SEMINAR
			Proceedings of the Regional Seminar on Monitoring Poverty and Anti-Poverty Policies in Rural Asia, 7-9 April 1984, Dhaka, Bangladesh
		ANNEX - List of Participants
		BACK COVER

1. Some Basic Facts about Rural Pakistan

The rural economy of Pakistan comprises 44,000 villages which contain, according to the Population Census of 1981, almost 72 per cent of the national population of 83.87 million. The labour force participation rate as reported in the latest available Labour Force Survey of 1978-1979¹, is 32.5 per cent (5.5 percentage points higher than the urban rate). The rate, however, is low in comparison to other developing countries such as Malaysia (36.6 per cent), Indonesia (37.7 per cent), Thailand (48.8 per cent), as well as developed countries where participation rates are in the vicinity of 50 per cent.²

¹ Federal Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan, Labour Farce Survey 1978-1979. Karachi, 1983.

² Figures for Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand are from Ministry of Finance, Government of Pakistan, Pakistan Economic Survey, 1982-1983. Islamabad, 1983.

Agriculture is the major source of employment and livelihood for the majority of the population. The distribution of the civilian labour force according to employment status, occupation and sectoral employment is presented in Table 6.1.

From the income-consumption pattern reported in the Household Income and Expenditure Survey 1979¹, Gini coefficient for household income works out to be .325 and average rate of saving 3.6 per cent.

¹ Idem., Household Income and Expenditure Survey, 1979, Karachi, 1983.

Table 6.1 Distribution of Rural Labour Force in Pakistan, 1978/79

Classification		Per cent
A. Employment		100.0
	Self Employed	44.6
	Unpaid Family Helper	34.0
	Employee	19.2
	Employer	2.1
B. Occupation		100.0
	Farming and Allied Jobs	67.4
	Production Workers and Labourers	19.6
	Sales Workers	6.4
	Service Workers	3.1
	Professional and Administrators	2.2
	Clerical Workers	13
C. Sectoral Employment		100.0
	Agriculture	67.4
	Manufacturing	11.0
	Construction	4.2
	Trade & Hotels	6.9
	Transport	3.1
	Social/Personal Services	63
	Others	1.1

Source: Federal Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan, Labour Force Survey 1978-1979, Karachi, 1983.

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