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Reporting with Pictures. A Concept Paper for Researchers and Health Policy Decision-makers (UNDP, WB, WHO; 2000; 85 pages)
	List of abbreviations
	Acknowledgements
	Overview of some main questions
	Foreword
	Background: The multi-country study
	The purpose and layout of the manual
	Introduction: The challenge of COMDT
	1. Developing and testing the pictorial form in Nigeria. An overview of the Process
	2. Planning the research
		A. Steps to be taken: An Overview
		B. Background and discussion
			a) Formulating the research questions
			b) Selecting the research team
			c) Cooperation between planners, researchers and implementers
			d) Deciding on contents of the form
			e) Deciding on use of the form
		C. Important insights from the Nigeria example
	3. Implementing the research
		3.1. Developing the concepts for the draft form
			A. Steps to be taken: An Overview
			B. Background and discussion
				a) Selecting the communities
				b) Developing the draft work plan
				c) Contacting the communities
				d) Meeting with the community
				e) Working with selected community members
				f) Supervising the artist
			C. Important insights from the Nigeria example
		3.2 Developing and testing the draft form: An Overview
			A. Steps to be taken
			B. Background and discussion
				a) Conceptualizing the findings
				b) Developing draft pictures to be tested
				c) Pretesting the draft pictures
				d) Developing the draft form
				e) Pretesting the draft form
				f) Testing the use of the form
				g) Testing the form in a new community
				h) Testing the form with the intended health system users
				i) Finalization of the draft form
			C. Important insights from the Nigeria example
		3.3 Testing the form: Deciding the strategy
			A. What can you test for, and when?
			B. How do you decide what to test for?
			C. How many people should you test the form with?
			D. Testing with individuals, or with groups?
			E. The approach to testing in the community
		3.4 How to test the form: A guide on methods
			A. General methods: Conducting the interview
				a) Interpersonal communication skills define the outcome
				b) Main guidelines for testing pictures
			B. Specific Methods: How to test for the different levels
				a) LEVEL I: Literal Interpretation of Pictures
				b) LEVEL II: Abstract Interpretation - The “Meaning” of Pictures
				c) Comprehension of the form as a whole
			C. Recording the answers
			D. Level III: Testing the Operational Use of the form
				a) Planning and piloting the training
				b) Development of assessment tool
				c) Methods of assessment
	4. Selecting trainers and planning the training programme
	5. Analysing results of the testing
		A. The Individual Pictures
			a) LEVEL I: Literal Interpretation
			b) LEVEL II: Abstract Interpretation
		B. The Form as a whole
		C. LEVEL III: The Operational Use of the Form
	6. Visual perception: Principles and examples
		A. Developing illustrations for use by (literate and) illiterate audiences
		B. Main reasons why the Reporting Form was well understood in Nigeria
	7. Potential conflicts during implementation
		A) The gender issue
		B) The issue of power and vested interests in the health system
		C) Cost-efficiency - a clash of values?
	8. Researchers’ attitude change
	9. Questions and ideas for further research
	Appendix 1: The revised (original Nigerian) pictorial form for distribution of ivermectin
	Appendix 2: The original written form for distribution of ivermectin
	Appendix 3: Draft form for reporting. Side-effects of ivermectin
	Appendix 4: Structure of the testing of the “Oncho form”
	Appendix 5: Sample analysis form: “constructed” answers
	Appendix 6: Sample reporting Level III: Operational Use of the Oncho Form
	Appendix 7: The “Oncho form”: Samples of “correct” interpretations of the pictures.
	Appendix 8: Literature list

Reporting with Pictures. A Concept Paper for Researchers and Health Policy Decision-makers

By Ane Haaland
with Oladele B. Akogun and Oladimeji Oladepo
Contributions and foreword by Prof. O. O. Kale

UNDP/World Bank/WHO
Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases

TDR/IDE/RP/00.1
Distribution: General
Original: English

This document is not a formal publication of the World Health Organization (WHO), and all rights are reserved by the Organization. The document may, however, be freely reviewed, abstracted, reproduced or translated, in part or in whole, but not for sale or for use in conjunction with commercial purposes.

The authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this document.

Reporting with Pictures

A concept paper for researchers and health policy decision makers

Text by
Ane Haaland
with Obadele B. Akogun (Yola)
and Oladimeji Oladepo (Ibadan)

Contributions and foreword by:
Professor O. O. Kale

Drawings by
John Nwagboso
Adelakun Kayode

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