Technology and Innovation in the International Economy: 3. Microelectronics and the third world: 3.3 Impacts of microelectronics

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Technology and Innovation in the International Economy (UNU; 1994; 239 pages)
	Contributors
	Foreword
	1. Relevance of innovation studies to developing countries
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Innovation and technological change
		1.3 Implications for developing countries
			1.3.1 Innovation studies and the accumulation of technological capabilities
			1.3.2 Trade and technology
		1.4 Concluding remarks
			1.4.1 The relevance of innovation studies
			1.4.2 Some general issues
		Acknowledgements
		Notes
		References
	2. Biotechnology: Generation, diffusion, and policy
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 The generation of biotechnology: Invention and innovation
			2.2.1 The scientific base
			2.2.2 The technologies
			2.2.3 The evolution of biotechnological knowledge
			2.2.4 Appropriating the rent from biotechnological knowledge
			2.2.5 The role of government
		2.3 Economic effects of biotechnology
			2.3.1 Introduction
			2.3.2 A survey of some literature
			2.3.3 The need for a more general approach
		2.4 Implications for the third world⁷
			2.4.1 Introduction
			2.4.2 A survey of some literature
			2.4.3 Preconditions and constraints on third world entry and desirable patterns of specialization
			2.4.4 An illustrative case study: cuba's entry into new biotechnology
			2.4.5 Biotechnology and information/communication technology
		2.5 Recent additions to the literature
		2.6 Towards a general research agenda
			2.6.1 Evolution of biotechnology in industrialized countries
			2.6.2 Biotechnology policies in third world countries
			2.6.3 Socioeconomic effects of biotechnology
		Acknowledgements
		Notes
		References
		Annotated bibliography
		For further reading
	3. Microelectronics and the third world
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Patterns of adoption and diffusion in the third world
			3.2.1 Supply-side factors
			3.2.2 Demand-side factors
		3.3 Impacts of microelectronics
			3.3.1 Sectoral versus economy-wide impacts on output and employment
			3.3.2 Impact of adoption on non-adopters of new technologies
			3.3.3 Acquisition of technological capabilities
			3.3.4 Applications of technological capabilities
		3.4 Policy implications and future research directions
			3.4.1 Normative aspects of policy formulation: 'What governments ought to do'
		Acknowledgements
		Notes
		References
		For further reading

3.3 Impacts of microelectronics

The impacts of new technologies in general, and thus of microelectronics in particular, can be thought of in terms of two main categories: effects on output and income, and effects on income distribution. In analysing these effects, we shall pursue the integrative theme of this chapter by relating them, on the one hand, to the patterns of diffusion discussed above, and on the other hand to a broad range of relevant literature.

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